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Brazilians (brasileiros in Portuguese) are all people born in Brazil. A Brazilian is also a person born abroad from a Brazilian parent or a foreigner living in Brazil who applied for the Brazilian citizenship.Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil, Artigo 12, I. The vast majority of Brazilians live in Brazil, although there are significant Brazilian communities in Paraguay, the United States, Japan, and Europe.
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According to the Constitution of Brazil, a Brazilian is:
Anyone born in Brazil is a Brazilian citizen (jus soli). The only exception are people born in Brazil whose parents were at the service of a foreign State. In the Constitution, all people who holds a Brazilian citizenship are equal, regardless of race, ethnicity, gender and/or religion. Brazil also uses the concept of jus sanguinis: someone born abroad from a Brazilian parent can apply for the Brazilian citizenship before completing 18 years-old.Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil, Artigo 12, I.
A Brazilian is also a foreign born (not to a Brazilian parent) who, after living for 15 uninterrupted years in Brazil, requests the Brazilian citizenship. A native person from an official Portuguese language country (Portugal, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Guinea Bissau and East Timor) can request the Brazilian nationality after 1 uninterrupted year living in Brazil. A foreign born person who holds a Brazilian citizenship has the same rights of a Brazilian born.Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil, Artigo 12, I.
Brazilians are mostly descendants of colonial and post-colonial Portuguese settlers and immigrants, African slaves and Brazil\'s indigenous peoples, along with several other groups of immigrants who arrived in Brazil mostly from the 1820s until the 1970s. Most of the immigrants were Italians and Portuguese, but also significant numbers of Germans, Spaniards, Japanese, and Lebanese.The Phylogeography of Brazilian Y-Chromosome Lineages
The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) classify the Brazilian population among five categories: white, black, pardo (brown), yellow (Asian) or Indigenous, based on skin color or race. The last PNAD census found Brazil to be made up of 93 million Whites, 80 million brown people, 11.7 million Blacks, and 1.3 million Asian or Amerindian.
| Skin color/Race (2005)PNAD (Portuguese) (2005). Retrieved on 2007-06-20. | |
|---|---|
| White | 49.9% |
| Black | 6.3% |
| Brown/Multiracial | 43.2% |
| Yellow (Asian) | 0.5% |
| Amerindian | 0.3% |
Compared to other census conducted in the last two decades, for the first time the number of White Brazilians did not exceed 50% of the population. In 2000, Whites were 53.7% in the census. In comparison, the number of brown people went up from 38.5% to 43.2% and Blacks from 6.2% to 6.3%.IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística According to the IBGE, this trend is mainly because of the revaluation of the identity of historically discriminated ethnic groups. PNDA Census 2005 race (Portuguese). Retrieved on 2007-06-26. The ethnic composition of Brazilians is not uniform across the country. Due to its large influx of European immigrants in the 19th century, the Southern Region has a large White majority, composing 80.8% of its populationGenealogy: German migration to Brazil. The Northeastern Region, as a result of the large numbers of African slaves working in the sugar cane engenhos, has a majority of brown and black peoples composing, respectively, 63.1% and 7%Brazil and the African Slave Trade. Northern Brazil, largely covered by the Amazon Rainforest, is 71.5% brown, due to its strong Amerindian component[2]. Southeast and Central-Western Brazil have a more balanced ratio among different ethnic groups.
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